Background: Among various air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is the most harmful and representative pollutant. Although several studies have shown a link between particulate pollution and obesity, the conclusions are still inconsistent. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to pool the effect of PM exposure on obesity. Five databases (including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched for relevant studies up to Jan 2022. Adjusted risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were retrieved from individual studies and pooled with random effect models by STATA software. Besides, we tested the stability of results by Egger’s test, Begg’s test, funnel plot, and using the trim-and-fill method to modify the possible asymmetric funnel graph. The NTP-OHAT guidelines were followed to assess the risk of bias. Then the GRADE was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results: 26 studies were included in this meta-analysis. 19 studies have shown that PM2.5 can increase the risk of obesity per 10 μg/m3 increment (RR: 1.159, 95% CI: 1.111–1.209), while 15 studies have indicated that PM10 increase the risk of obesity per 10 μg/m3 increment (RR: 1.092, 95% CI: 1.070–1.116). Besides, 5 other articles with maternal exposure showed that PM2.5 increases the risk of obesity in children (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.11). And we explored the source of heterogeneity by subgroup analysis, which suggested associations between PM and obesity tended to vary by region, age group, participants number, etc. The analysis results showed publication bias and other biases are well controlled, but most certainties of the evidence were low, and more research is required to reduce these uncertainties. Conclusion: Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 with per 10 μg/m3 increment could increase the risk of obesity in the global population.