Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of music therapy for acute and chronic sleep disorders in adults. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: A systematic search of publications in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library without language restriction was performed. Review methods: Studies with randomized controlled design and adult participants were included if music was applied in a passive way to improve sleep quality. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Results: Ten studies involving 557 participants were identified. The sleep quality was improved significantly by music (standard mean difference: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.34; p < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity across studies. Subgroup analysis found heterogeneity between subgroups with objective or subjective assessing methods of sleep quality, and between subgroups with difference follow-up durations. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusion: Music can assist in improving sleep quality of patients with acute and chronic sleep disorders. For chronic sleep disorders, music showed a cumulative dose effect and a follow-up duration more than three weeks is necessary for assessing its efficacy.