Objectives: Cancer and its' treatment can result in a range of symptoms detrimental to quality of life (QoL). Recent reviews have confirmed the benefits of general exercise to cancer survivors (e.g. Cramp and Daniel, 2008; Stevinson et al 2004) but little is know about the specific effects of resistance training. Therefore we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of resistance training upon QoL in cancer survivors. Methods: Search strategy: MEDLINE (1966 to January 2009), CINAHL (1982 to January 2009), AMED (1985 to January 2009), and EMBASE (1974 to January 2009) were searched using relevant key words. Reference lists of all studies identified for inclusion and relevant reviews were also searched. In addition, relevant journals were hand searched and experts in the field contacted. Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials that investigated the specific effect of resistance exercise on QoL in adult cancer survivors were included. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed the methodological quality of studies and extracted data based upon predefined criteria. A meta-analysis was performed for QoL using a random-effects model. Results: Six studies were identified for inclusion. Two studies demonstrated a significantly beneficial effect of resistance training on QoL compared to usual care. A metaanalysis was used to combine the post test results. Post-test means +/- SD were available for all comparisons providing data for 278 participants who received an exercise intervention and 270 control participants. At the end of the intervention period exercise was statistically more effective than control (SMD -0.17, 95% CIs -0.34 to -0.00) demonstrating a marginal effect. Overall there was heterogeneity between studies in relation to tumor type, stage of therapy, type of cancer therapy and duration of the intervention. Conclusions: Existing evidence suggests that strength training programs for cancer survivors are beneficial. Further studies are required to determine the optimal type, intensity and timing of resistance training.